The purpose of this requirement is to protect and transmit the Outstanding Universal Value of heritage, and it is inherent to the spirit of the World Heritage Convention. Either he or his son Bayezid II erected the red minaret that stands on the southeast corner of the structure. In Friday’s decision, the Turkish government annulled its museum status. Publications World Heritage Review Series Resource Manuals World Heritage wall map More publications ... Funding World Heritage Fund International Assistance. The name Hagia Sophia didn’t come about until around 430 CE. For almost a millennium after its construction, it was the largest cathedral in all of Christendom. It went through another religious conversion after the conquest of Constantinople by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1453, when it was designated a mosque. UNESCO Assistant Director-General Ernesto Ottone has instructed … In 1985 the Hagia Sophia was designated a component of a UNESCO World Heritage site called the Historic Areas of Istanbul, which includes that city’s other major historic buildings and locations. Omissions? Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. “It is important to avoid any implementing measure, without prior discussion with UNESCO, that would affect physical access to the site, the structure of the buildings, the site’s moveable property, or the site’s management,” stressed Ernesto Ottone, UNESCO’s Assistant Director-General for Culture. Even now it’s known by several different monikers: Ayasofya in Turkish, Sancta Sophia in Latin, and Holy Wisdom or Divine Wisdom in English (alternate English translations of the Greek words Hagia Sophia). Article content. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Hagia Sophia, Turkish Ayasofya, Latin Sancta Sophia, also called Church of the Holy Wisdom or Church of the Divine Wisdom, an important Byzantine structure in Istanbul and one of the world’s great monuments. The construction of this iconic structure in Istanbul started in 532 AD during the reign of Justinian I, the ruler of the Byzantine Empire when the city was known as Constantinople. States have an obligation to ensure that modifications do not affect the Outstanding Universal Value of inscribed sites on their territories. The iconic Hagia Sophia, a UNESCO World Heritage site was recently in news. It was looted in 1204 by the Venetians and the Crusaders on the Fourth Crusade. The original wooden minaret did not survive. “Hagia Sophia is an architectural masterpiece and a unique testimony to interactions between Europe and Asia over the centuries. The building reflects the religious changes that have played out in the region over the centuries, with the minarets and inscriptions of Islam as well as the lavish mosaics of Christianity. Art historians consider the building’s beautiful mosaics to be the main source of knowledge about the state of mosaic art in the time shortly after the end of the Iconoclastic Controversy in the 8th and 9th centuries. After the … This evening, she shared her serious concerns with the Ambassador of Turkey to UNESCO. The Hagia Sophia rising along the shore of the Bosporus, Istanbul. “UNESCO reacted to the change of Hagia Sophia’s status as early as July 2020 and expressed its concern in this regard. © UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2020 In 1985, during its time as a museum, Hagia Sophia was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCO said on Friday its World Heritage Committee would review Hagia Sophia's status after Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan declared the ancient monument in Istanbul a mosque again. Sultan Mehmed II designated the previously Christian church a mosque shortly after he conquered the city in 1453. The restored building was rededicated in 415 by Theodosius II. Turkey will inform UNESCO about Hagia Sophia moves, minister says 7/13/2020 Why this Harvard doctor is optimistic about US overcoming COVID-19 despite 'epidemic of mistrust' By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Hagia Sophia is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site in Istanbul. Since then, mosaics were added throughout the Byzantine period, structural modifications were made in both the Byzantine and Ottoman periods, and features important to the Islamic architectural tradition were constructed during Ottoman ownership of the structure. It served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world and has provided us with many useful scholarly insights into the period. It was built as a Christian church in the 6th century ce (532–537) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Kemal Atatürk secularized the building, and in 1935 it was made into a museum. Hagia Sophia was built and served as a church for 916 years until the Ottoman Empire took over İstanbul, and a mosque from 1453 to 1934, and most recently as a museum for 86 years. “Hagia Sophia is an architectural masterpiece and a unique testimony to interactions between Europe and Asia over the centuries. These concerns were shared with the Republic of Turkey in several letters, and again yesterday evening with the representative of the Turkish Delegation to UNESCO. In plan the building is almost square. PARIS — UNESCO said on Friday its World Heritage Committee would review Hagia Sophia’s status after Turkish President Tayyip … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. It would remain a mosque until being converted into a museum in the 1930s. On July 10th, Turkey’s top administrative court handed down a decision to revoke Hagia Sophia’s status as a museum, paving the way for the 1,500-year-old former basilica to be opened as a mosque again with changes to Hagia Sophia’s architecture.This move is in violation of international law, in particular the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. UNESCO calls upon the Turkish authorities to initiate dialogue without delay, in order to prevent any detrimental effect on the universal value of this exceptional heritage, the state of conservation of which will be examined by the World Heritage Committee at its next session. Its status as a museum reflects the universal nature of its heritage, and makes it a powerful symbol for dialogue,” said Director-General Audrey Azoulay. UNESCO chief Audrey Azoulay "deeply regrets the decision of the Turkish authorities, taken without prior dialogue, to modify the status of the Hagia Sophia," the UN agency said in a statement, Corrections? The original church on the site of the Hagia Sophia is said to have been ordered to be built by Constantine I in 325 on the foundations of a pagan temple. Hagia Sophia, which served as Eastern Christianity’s greatest cathedral for almost one thousand years, was turned into a mosque on July 10, 2020 per a … Much of the Hagia Sophia’s edifice evident today was completed in the 6th century (primarily from 532–537), during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. It would remain so for many centuries, until being secularized in 1934 by the Turkish Republic’s first president. An inspection into the change of status of the World Heritage Site and former Orthodox church of Hagia Sophia into a mosque last summer has still not been finalized, said UNESCO this week.. UNESCO also recalls that the effective, inclusive and equitable participation of communities and other stakeholders concerned by the property is necessary to preserve this heritage and highlight its uniqueness and significance. The Hagia Sophia is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site in Istanbul. Floor plan of the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. The announcement posted on the UNESCO website states that: UNESCO reacted to the change of Hagia Sophia’s status as early as July 2020 and expressed its concern in this regard. During Mehmed’s rule, a wooden minaret (no longer standing), a mihrab (niche positioned in the direction of Mecca), a minbar (pulpit), a madrasah (school), and a grand chandelier were added. However, it also holds significance globally as a Unesco site and tourist attraction. It is situated in: a) Greece b) Turkey c) Israel d) Iran. This position has remained constant since then. For more than a millennium it was the Cathedral of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The first of the three Christian structures to be built on the site had another name altogether: Megale Ekklesia, or “Great Church.”. United Nations, Post-Conflict and Post-Disaster Responses, Statement by the Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, on Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Astronomy and World Heritage Thematic Initiative, Human Evolution: Adaptations, Dispersals and Social Developments (HEADS), Initiative on Heritage of Astronomy, Science and Technology, Initiative on Heritage of Religious Interest, Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin, Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, Reducing Disasters Risks at World Heritage Properties, World Heritage and Sustainable Development, World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme, World Heritage Centre’s Natural Heritage Strategy, World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme (WHEAP). Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. UNESCO must be given prior notice of any such modifications, which, if necessary, are then examined by the World Heritage Committee. As the Turkish President signed a decree on Friday converting the ancient Hagia Sophia in Istanbul into a mosque, the UN cultural agency (UNESCO) said that it "deeply regrets the decision" made "without prior discussion", having earlier in the day called on the State to abide by its “legal commitments and obligations” in accordance with it’s status as a museum, on the World Heritage List. In 1934 Turkish Pres. Hagia Sophia is a UNESCO world heritage site in Istanbul and a museum since 1934. Istanbul (AsiaNews) – UNESCO has asked the Turkish government to examine changes and possible alterations made to the former basilicas of Hagia Sophia and Chora, in Istanbul. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. More Contacts Site Map Become a member Donate Now! Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Later modifications included the construction of more minarets, the whitewashing of Christian mosaics, and the addition of structural supports. Such measures could constitute breaches of the rules derived from the 1972 World Heritage Convention. Prior to that, the site had been home to a pagan temple. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hagia-Sophia, History Learning Site - The Balfour Declaration of 1917, The Met - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History - Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, LiveScience - Hagia Sophia: Facts, History and Architecture, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism - Hagia Sophia Museum, Hagia Sophia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Hagia Sophia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Hagia Sophia combines a longitudinal basilica and a centralized building in a wholly original manner, with a huge 32-metre (105-foot) main dome supported on pendentives and two semidomes, one on either side of the longitudinal axis. Mosaic from Hagia Sophia, 9th century. As Turkey’s most popular tourist destination, the Hagia Sophia remained open to visitors. The Hagia Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, Holy Wisdom) in Thessaloniki, Greece, is one of the oldest churches in the city still standing today.It is one of several monuments in Thessaloniki included as a World Heritage Site on the UNESCO list. The Hagia Sophia is important in Turkey as a symbol of nation's changing identity since the Byzantine empire. The structure originally erected on the site of the Hagia Sophia was a Christian cathedral called the Megale Ekklesia, which was commissioned by the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I. In subsequent centuries it became a mosque, a museum, and a mosque again. The walls above the galleries and the base of the dome are pierced by windows, which in the glare of daylight obscure the supports and give the impression that the canopy floats on air. The two identical minarets on the western side were likely commissioned by Selim II or Murad III and built by renowned Ottoman architect Sinan in the 1500s. Die UN-Welterbeorganisation Unesco drängt auf den Schutz christlicher Kunstschätze in der Hagia Sophia und der Erlöserkirche im einstigen Chora … Cavusoglu said Ankara was surprised by UNESCO's reaction and would let it know of further steps that will be taken regarding Hagia Sophia, which was a … “Hagia Sophia is an architectural masterpiece and a unique testimony to interactions between Europe and Asia over the centuries. The structure now standing is essentially the 6th-century edifice, although an earthquake caused a partial collapse of the dome in 558 (restored 562) and there were two further partial collapses, after which it was rebuilt to a smaller scale and the whole church reinforced from the outside. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It was damaged in 404 by a fire that erupted during a riot following the second banishment of St. John Chrysostom, then patriarch of Constantinople. Questions and answers about the Hagia Sophia. The Director-General of UNESCO deeply regrets the decision of the Turkish authorities, made without prior discussion, to change the status of Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Pres. More than 50 years later, UNESCO included Hagia Sophia as part of its Historic Areas of Istanbul World Heritage Site. Unusual for the period in which it was built, the names of the building’s architects—Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus—are well known, as is their familiarity with mechanics and mathematics. Islamic prayers were held shortly after the announcement with curtains partially concealing the building’s Christian imagery. It was also an important site of Muslim worship after Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 and designated the structure a mosque. Updates? This decision announced today raises the issue of the impact of this change of status on the property’s universal value. “Hagia Sophia is an architectural masterpiece and a unique testimony to interactions between Europe and Asia over the centuries. Hagia Sophia (/ ˈ h ɑː ɡ i ə s oʊ ˈ f iː ə /; from Koinē Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, romanized: Hagía Sophía; Latin: Sancta Sophia, lit. After the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Mehmed II had it repurposed as a mosque, with the addition of a wooden minaret (on the exterior, a tower used for the summons to prayer), a great chandelier, a mihrab (niche indicating the direction of Mecca), and a minbar (pulpit). Dome, showing pendentive construction; Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 6th century. Despite UNESCO advising against Turkey’s decision to convert the historic site into a mosque last summer, the country’s culture minister continues to claim that there has been no such reaction. Committee sessions Statutory Documents Committee decisions More sessions... 44th session (2020) 14th Extraordinary session (2020) 43rd session (2019) 42nd session (2018), General Assembly 23rd GA UNESCO Paris (2021) 22nd GA UNESCO Paris (2019) 21st GA UNESCO Paris (2017), About World Heritage The Convention, Convention Text Policy Compendium Operational Guidelines The Emblem The States Parties The Advisory Bodies The Centre Employment & Internships Who's Who, The List World Heritage List World Heritage in Danger New Inscriptions Criteria for Selection Tentative Lists World Heritage List Nominations, Reporting & Monitoring State of Conservation (SOC) Periodic Reporting Questionnaires 2008-2015 Reactive Monitoring Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific Latin America and the Caribbean Europe and North America, Partnerships Become a Partner What Partners Do Our Partners, Activities All our activities Volunteer Group Tools. “Thus, a state must make sure that no modification undermines the outstanding universal value of a site listed on its territory,” the UN agency explained. Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The Virgin Mary and Child between Justinian I (left), holding a model of Hagia Sophia, and Constantine (right), holding a model of the city of Constantinople. It was converted into a museum a year later, a decision which remains controversial. In Paris, the United Nations cultural body, UNESCO, said Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List as a museum. “Hagia Sophia is an architectural masterpiece and a unique testimony to interactions between Europe and Asia over the centuries. His son, Constantius II, consecrated it in 360. For almost a millennium after its construction, it was the largest cathedral in all of Christendom. Hagia Sophia is not, in fact, the only name that the structure has gone by. The Hagia Sophia was built in the remarkably short time of about six years, being completed in 537 ce. UNESCO wants to examine Turkey's alterations to Hagia Sophia The Turkish service of Deutsche Welle reported on December 2 that the Assistant Director-General of UNESCO had requested Turkey to inform internationally renowned archaeologist Mauner Buchanki of the interventions and possible changes in Hagia Sophia and Chora from Istanbul. In reaction to numerous inaccurate statements and errors circulating in the press about the situation of Hagia Sophia, UNESCO wishes to recall the following: UNESCO reacted to the change of Hagia Sophia's status as early as July 2020 and expressed its concern in this regard. It was rebuilt and enlarged by the Roman emperor Constans I. Hagia Sophia is part of the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a property inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Bringing the structure in line with the Islamic tradition called for a series of other modifications, not all of which were undertaken during the reign of Mehmed II. Built 1500 years ago as an Orthodox Christian cathedral, Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in 1453 and later turned into a museum by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made the controversial decision in 2020 to convert the building back into a mosque. Hagia Sophia The request of Alexis Georgoulis, MEP of SYRIZA – Progressive Alliance, for the inclusion of the monument in the “List of World Heritage in Danger” will be placed on the agenda of the 44th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Hagia Sophia: UNESCO deeply regrets the decision of the Turkish authorities, made without prior discussion, and calls for the universal value of World Heritage to be preserved. Hagia Sophia's conversion into a mosque. Mendoni added that reconverting Hagia Sophia into a mosque would also require the approval of UNESCO, which listed the site as a monument of world heritage in 1985. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has asked for permission from Turkey to examine possible alterations to Hagia Sophia and the Chora Church, two UNESCO World Heritage Sites recently converted to mosques by the Turkish government, the Duvar news website reported on Wednesday. What is the Hagia Sophia? Bayezid II erected the narrow white minaret on the northeast side of the mosque. It was restored again in the mid-14th century. The Unesco-listed Hagia Sophia (Divine Wisdom), known in Turkish as Ayasofya, was completed in AD537 by the Byzantine emperor Justinian. It served as a center of religious, political, and artistic life for the Byzantine world and has provided us with many useful scholarly insights into the period. UNESCO told Reuters that Hagia Sophia had been inscribed on the World Heritage List as a museum, indicating that the state where it was located had specific commitments and legal obligations. Irene Ducas, detail of a 12th-century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. There are three aisles separated by columns with galleries above and great marble piers rising up to support the dome. Hagia Sophia's complex history began in the year 537 when Byzantine emperor Justinian built the huge church overlooking the Golden Horn harbour With its … The church was burned again in the Nika insurrection of January 532, a circumstance that gave Justinian I an opportunity to envision a splendid replacement. The original church to occupy the site (called the Megale Ekklesia) was commissioned by Emperor Constantine I in 325, razed during a riot in 404, later rebuilt, and destroyed once again in 532 before Justinian commissioned the building that exists today. It is regrettable that the Turkish decision was made without any form of dialogue or prior notice. Turkey, she said, signed the UNESCO Convention in 1972 and would be in violation of the agreement by making such a move without approval. Night view of the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 11/22/2020 Turkey (International Christian Concern) – Following comments from the Turkish Minister of Culture and Tourism, Mehmet Nuri Ersoy, that UNESCO is “not bothered by the fact that it became a mosque,” UNESCO has responded with a statement.
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