During this period, a slight but significant increase in water temperature was observed (figure 13), which matches well with the period of highest seismic energy release. Es wird geschätzt, dass über 500.000 Leute in dieser Todeszone leben, was sie zu einer der am dichtesten besiedelten Gebiete in der Nähe von Neapel macht. [Corrections to Card 877 from G. Imbo have been moved to directly follow that report.]. In this case, although we still do not know if a sustained uplift will occur, there is the occurrence of low-frequency seismic events.". We based this assumption on historic chronicles of the eruption of Monte Nuovo. di Pisa; M. Carapezza, Univ. A temporary network of 3-component stations was also operated during November 1983 by IPG seismologists. Second, the sulfate concentration increase noted in 1997 for crater lakes and thermal springs was a "transitory event" caused by the unstable underlying geothermal system. [18] Two people were killed and many more people injured in Casamicciola on the northern coast of the island of Ischia, which is south of the epicentre. Following eruption of the NYT a large number of eruptions have taken place from widely scattered subaerial and submarine vents. Information Contacts: Marino Martini, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50125, Firenze, Italy. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. (c) Comparison of GPS measurements (ACAE site), projected along the radar line of sight, and DIFSAR displacements in the time interval March-August 2000. These events were recorded at more than 12 stations and have an (rms) less than 0.1. On 1 April, a seismic swarm of 499 events occurred between 0300 and 0800. Spatiotemporal analysis of ground deformation at Campi Flegrei and Mt Vesuvius, Italy, observed by Envisat and Radarsat-2 InSAR during 2003-2013. Remarks: Campi Flegrei underwent continuous subsidence from 1992 to 1999. This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. "The rate of seismic strain energy release at Campi Flegrei was higher during the first three months of 1984 than during 1983. Geotherm. On the contrary, in this last period we have observed higher-energy events. The pattern of radon content of two of them, near Solfatara (Tortorelli well) and Monte Nuovo (Damiani well), shows good correlation (figure 12). See related science and technology articles, photos, slideshows and videos. A striking feature is that the earthquakes occur mainly along the coastline and the remains of an old marine terrace which uplifted some 40 m about 5,000 years BP. The order of magnitude of the ground uplift during the last 16 years is comparable to that which occurred before the eruption of Monte Nuovo in 1538, and we consider this phase as a possible precursor (on a time scale of years) to new volcanic activity. The caldera, which now is essentially at ground level, is accessible on foot. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 18: 1-72. No seismic events were observed from 1985 through the beginning of 1987. The Campi Flegrei ("burning fields") or Phlegrean Fields is a large, 13-km-wide nested caldera located under the western outskirts of the citiy of Naples and under the Gulf of Pozzuoli. The high density of population of the area (250,000 people live within the caldera) is posing a tremendous problem with respect to the measures that should be taken to reduce the hazard. One church and two schools were recently closed. In einer Studie von 2010 wurde enthüllt, dass in Campi Flegrei vor 40.000 Jahren ein gefährlicher Vulkan ausgebrochen ist, der vollständig die Neanderthaler auslöschte. Analysis of the 7 September seismic swarm. Since the end of 1988, four tilt stations have been installed at Campi Flegrei. J. Volcanol. The whole of Campi Flegrei covers more than 100 square kilometres outside the western suburbs of Naples and is the closest historically-active volcano to London. SBAS-DInSAR results. "In November 1982 moderate seismic activity was observed by the permanent seismic network that has been operating since 1972 (figure 1). J. Geophys. Following the earthquake swarm of 1 April and a M 3.5 event that occurred on 3 April, the cumulative seismic strain energy release had a smaller slope than in the previous three months (figure 5). J. Volcanol. Reference List: Lundgren et al. We cannot exclude the possibility that other occurrences may have passed unnoticed. The dynamics of the Breccia Museo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and the significance of spatter clasts associated with lithic breccias. Two were sufficiently well-recorded on many stations of the network to have a good location, in the same area as the swarm. Grapes destined for DOC production must be harvested up to a maximum yield of 12 tonnes/hectare for red grape varieties, and 13 tonnes/ha for white grape varieties. A few pictures have been taken at different times, but we do not know if the increased activity occurs episodically. Relation of volcanism to earth movements, Bay of Naples, Italy. A steady trend with an average rate of -12.7 mm/month was observed until mid-1987. Geotherm. "Seismic activity remained at a low level for most of May and June. Card 0878 (05 March 1970)Giuseppe Imbo, Vesuvius Observatory, Naples, Italy. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. Gas monitoring of fumaroles in Solfatara Crater showed no significant changes in the past year. Magnitudes of the most energetic events in the Campi Flegrei area, July-September 1984. Internal structures of the Campi Flegrei caldera by gravimetric data. In January 1983, public officials were notified of the anomalous trend of the phenomenon and the possibility of increasing seismic and volcanic hazard. Routine locations are made on these 15 stations using the HYP071 program. di Pisa. ", "A magnitude 3.8 earthquake occurred on 8 December and was located on the E side of Solfatara Crater. J. Volcanol. Other events occurred on the 10th (M 2.9) and 11th (M 3). Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. The two years of continuous monitoring give evidence of a seasonal trend in radon emission. Campi Flegrei has had strategic and cultural importance. "The decrease in the uplift velocity during constant seismic energy release does not support the idea that uplift velocity is closely related to the occurrence of larger earthquakes. They believe the most viable solution could be to drill up to 10km down into the supervolcano, and pump down water at high pressure. Slow ground oscillations observed between 1972 and 1982 had an annual period with a range of about 10-15 cm/year in the zone of maximum uplift. No recrudescence of the volcanic activity was actually detectable in this area. Lundgren, P., S. Usai, E. Sansosti, R. Lanari, M. Tesauro, G. Fornaro, and P. Berardino, 2001. "The people evacuated from Pozzuoli were temporarily resettled in the resort areas surrounding Campi Flegrei. Costa A, Dell'Erba F, Di Vito M A, Isaia R, The data on temporal distribution of earthquakes indicate a swarm-type character. Three tiltmeters will be installed. One of these craters is filled by Lake Avernus. Geotherm. The record then became more oscillatory and some uplift episodes were observed in the general deflationary trend. Geotherm. Geotherm. The Phlegrean Fields: structural evolution, volcanic history and eruptive mechanisms. Eos, Trans Amer Geophys Union, 68: 226-227, 229, 231, 233-234. Uplift and seismicity in the caldera since mid-1982. In urma cu peste 2.000 de ani, Vezuviul a distrus Pompei. "The decrease in activity observed after the swarm of 1 April is similar to the decrease observed during November 1983. After October, oscillations in the rate of uplift were observed, with a range between 1 and 4 mm/day. Periodic levelling measurements are made on an extended line and distance measurements are performed twice a year. "The permanent surveillance network operating in the area comprises measurements of ground deformation and seismic activity, and monitoring of gas content and temperatures of fumaroles. At present, the Phlegraean Fields area comprises the Naples districts of Agnano and Fuorigrotta, the area of Pozzuoli, Bacoli, Monte di Procida, Quarto, the Phlegrean Islands (Ischia, Procida and Vivara). . Plans are being made to evacuate the inhabitants of the city if necessary. Episodes of dramatic uplift and subsidence within the dominantly trachytic caldera have occurred since Roman times. Geotherm. Volcanism and deformation since 12,000 years at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy). In the same period, small variations in the composition of fumarolic gases from Solfatara Crater have been recorded (slight increase of the S/C ratio). We have never observed harmonic tremor or a significant number of low-frequency events. Res., 133: 157-170. Two samples were heavily polluted by air. ", More M > 3 events with wider distribution, but seismic energy release unchanged and uplift slows, "Activity at Campi Flegrei displayed some changes July-September. However, September 2012 was the most seismically energetic time period of the prior year (figure 26); seismicity during September produced >3 times the cumulative energy released during the preceding year. The area can trace its winemaking roots back to 700 BC. Our previous experience indicated that uplift velocities greater than 2-3 mm/day in Pozzuoli are often associated with increased seismic activity. Third, there have been shifts in the f (phi) function, an empirical relationship related to fumarolic gas chemistry (Martini, 1996). Seismic methods for determining earthquake source parameters and lithospheric structure, in Pakiser, L.C. Two pipe gauges have been installed and additional ones will be installed along the coast from Nisida to Miseno cape. Katsui Y (ed), 1971. Samsonov, S. V., Gonzalez, P. J., Tiampo, K. F., Camacho, A. G., & Fernandez, J., 2014. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email. The 2004–2006 uplift episode at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): Constraints from SBAS‐DInSAR ENVISAT data and Bayesian source inference. The velocity of uplift, as measured by the Pozzuoli tide gauge, was in the range of 2-3 mm/day during the first two weeks of March 1984; it increased to ~ 4 mm/day during the last two weeks in March. Navy oceanographic vessel Ulisse Igliori, presently conducting depth soundings in Pozzuoli Gulf with divers, engaged underwater observations [of] active fumaroles which [were] reportedly killing fauna with noxious emissions. The Solfatara of Pozzuoli is without doubt the most interesting volcano of Campi Flegrei, an area north of Naples made up of about 40 ancient volcanoes. Isaia R, D'Antonio M, Dell'Erba F, Di Vito M, Orsi G, 2004. Tazieff's team could not obtain any valuable proof of the 20 cm uprise of Pozzuoli that allegedly occurred between March 4th and 5th and did not find any seismogram evidence of the ten shocks that allegedly occurred off the Pozzuoli coast. The M 4.0 earthquake of 14 March was located ~ 1 km SE of Solfatara. The surveillance network operated by OV consists of eight seismic stations, five tide gauges (four in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, one in Naples for comparison), and four electronic tiltmeters (figure 16). Although an eruption can happen at any time and at any place both in Phlegrean Fields and Vesuvius area, absolutely no preliminary manifestations appeared to date in this area.". In 1970-72 there was a major uplift without significant seismic activity, and in 1982-84 there was uplift accompanied by seismic activity. The earthquakes chiefly were contained within two swarms (with events up to Mw 1.9; Mw indicates moment magnitude) occurring on 7 and 15 September. "Since January 1985, there has been no detectable seismic activity at Campi Flegrei [and] the ground has been subsiding at a mean rate of ~1 cm/month without any seismic activity (figure 15). ", Seismicity and uplift continue; socio-economic impact discussed; increased submarine fumarolic activity. Campi Flegrei is a large 13-km-wide caldera on the outskirts of Naples that contains numerous phreatic tuff rings and pyroclastic cones. Geotherm. Preliminary data seem to indicate an increase in the energy flux supplied to the deep water table located at 1.2 km depth by the geothermal wells. Deformation. Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) lies in Campania, on the Amalfi Coast just north of Naples.It is one of Italy's stunning volcanic areas, rich in breathtaking scenery and ancient winemaking traditions. The temperatures of the fumaroles in the Solfatara crater are 147-149°C, the same as those measured by Tazieff in 1967 and those reported by D.E. 2, p. 173-370 (21 papers). The maximum magnitude was 3.0. Res., 177: 19-48. Úgy tartották, hogy a katasztrófákat csak szentek csodái akadályozhatják meg. The center of maximum uplift remained in the same area as in previous levellings totaling 160 cm since January 1984. The duration and strain release of the 7 September swarm were similar to other seismic swarms at Campi Flegrei since at least 1994 (figure 28). Scandone R, D'Amato J, Giacomelli L, 2010. The superimposed volcanological boundaries of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff and Campanian Ignimbrite calderas are redrawn from Orsi et al. The data give evidence of a maximum extension of about 40 cm over 4 km, nearly coincident with the area of maximum vertical uplift. The close association of these two earthquakes caused some concern about the possible development of the continuing crisis. The study found that the geographical unrest since the 1950s has a cumulative effect, causing a build-up of energy in the crust and making the volcano more susceptible to eruption. The moderate seismic activity during the present crisis has caused extensive damage to old buildings. The caldera margins are poorly defined, and on the south lie beneath the Gulf of Pozzuoli. První se odehrála před 35 000 lety, druhá před 12 000 lety. Geotherm. Modeling surface deformation with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi Flegrei caldera. Slow uplift detected in small area; no other unusual phenomena, Card 0939 (14 May 1970) Slow uplift detected in small area; no other unusual phenomena. Further Reference. There are also effusive gaseous manifestations in the Solfatara crater, the mythological home of the Roman god of fire, Vulcan. The pattern of ground deformation during the crisis of 1982-84 was similar to that during 1970-72. Downtown Pozzuoli was evacuated after this event because of concern about the increasing seismic hazard. Geotherm. A more detailed study is under way. We still do not know how to monitor this activity. We await a prolonged period of measurements to infer what may be the seasonal trend. "Discussions have been carried out on the character of recognizable short-term precursors, if any, of a possible volcanic event in the area. 2014. The relevance of the 1198 eruption of Solfatara in the Phlegraean Fields (Campi Flegrei) as revealed by medieval manuscripts and historical sources. Additional measuring equipment, including seismographs and tide gauges, now in operation. On 1 July, a M 3.6 event started a swarm of more than 100 events near Solfatara Crater. The radon content was approximately constant. Three geological phases or periods are recognised and distinguished.[4]. The new settlement on the NW side of the caldera has almost been completed, but it is not certain that all of the people evacuated from the town will move in.